Research taken from the

'Journal of Natural Medicine'

(alphabetical)

Acupuncture better than penicillin (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997)
Acupuncture is a more effective treatment for conjuctivitis than penicillin, researchers have discovered.

Aesculus hippocastanum (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999)
A review of the scientific and clinical studies and traditional information is presented by Michelle Morgan & Kerry Bone and they list the therapeutic indications as, varicose veins, chronic venous insufficiency, haemorrhoids, oedema of the lower limbs and localised oedema such as in carpal tunnel
syndrome, asthma and bronchitis and topically for haematoma, non penetrating wounds and painful joints, ligaments and tendons. A study is reported where a preparation of Aesculus administered intravenously significantly reduced the incidence of deep venous thrombosis following surgery in a controlled trial of 4,176 patients with thrombosis, lung infarction or lung embolism. Mediherb Professional Review 65, Oct. 1998.

AIDS. (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) M.Norland has published a homoeopathic proving of the Aids nosode. The themes exposed are loss of protection, estrangement, rejection, contamination and self loathing. Helios Books September 1999

AIDS/HIV and steroids. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) What the doctors don`t tell you, Feb 2003, 13 (11) 1-4. The author of this article, Dr Mohammed Ali-Bayati, is a toxicologist and pathologist who has researched AIDS and subsequently published a book ("Get all the facts; HIV does not cause AIDS" - available via www.toxihealth.com) in which he shares much evidence that AIDS is caused by steroids, prescription drugs and malnutrition, not HIV.

Alcohol gets a clean bill of health. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) Gass, R. BJU Int. 2002 90 (7) 649-654. A survey reported in the New England Journal of Medicine involved 38,077 health care professionals who were CVD-free at the outset. They were followed up every 4 years for the next 12 years to see what effect alcohol had on myocardial infarction incidence. Drinking 3-7 days a week had a substantial beneficial effect compared to drinking less than once a week. Furthermore the amount per day had a positive correlation, with an average of 30g daily conferring a significant protection compared to just 10g daily. Alcohol consumed with meals seemed to have no such positive effects. Meanwhile a study has been carried out to assess the effects of various lifestyle factors in benign prostatic hyperplasia in a sample of 882 men. Again, alcohol showed a protective effect, though coffee and to a lesser extent cigarettes led to increased BPH incidence.

Alcohol intake and diabetes – the dosage is crucial. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) Ann. Intern. Med. 2004, 140 (3) 211-19. It is now well known that heavy alcohol consumption can predispose to diabetes (by up to 43% compared to moderate drinking). However, recent research shows that 1-3 drinks a day can reduce diabetes incidence by 33% - 56% and diabetes-related heart disease by 34% - 55% compared to no alcohol consumption at all.

Allium sativum (Garlic) (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) has been shown to inhibit heliobacter pylori in standard laboratory methods Ohta R et al Antimicrobial agents and Chemotherapy 43 (7) 1811 1999 and it has also been reviewed for its anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic properties. Milner J.A. Nutrition Reviews 54 (11) 582 1996. Lambert’s Nutrition Bites 8 (2) 2000.

Alternative Antibiotics (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) P. Thomas PROOF! 3 (4) 2 1999 Pat. Thomas reviews the availability of natural antibiotics drawing from herbal, homoeopathic and other sources and also discusses the misuse of conventional antibiotics their side effects and the effects of the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animals.

Althaea officinalis can lighten skin. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Biology and Pharmacology Bulletin, 2002, 25(2) 229-34. A Japanese study has discovered that althaea interferes with melanocyte cell activity, thereby leading to a lightening of the skin.

Aristolochia prohibition – sense or spin? (Volume VI Issue 1 - Summer 2002) Anthony Lyman-Dixon, Herbs, VOL27, no 1 2002. Aristolochia, currently a herb being looked at by the MCA, was picked on in 1994 by the media among accusations of possible side effects. It is a genus of about 300 species, 6 of which have been used as medicine for many hundreds of years. It has been praised by all the usual names of antiquity (Pliny, Dioscorides etc) and was popular in the medieval ages as a carminative. Species differentiation is not easy throughout the ages, and it appears that Red Madder was what the doctors were often mistakenly using in days of yore. Aristolochia clematis or langa (Birthwort) is used today as a stimulant, emmenagogue, diaphoretic, oxytocic and immuno-stimulant. So what’s the fuss? In 1972 70 Belgian women were proved to have severe renal failure after taking an adulterated Chinese slimming powder (its not clear what else was in the powder). It was also suspected of causing 1546 cases of renal failure in the Danube region in the 1960s – though doses are not clear. The truth (or the closest to it) would appear to come from modern and ancient sources. Aristolochic acid is an anti-tumour constituent now used in chemotherapy. Similarly, Dioscorides quoted its healing properties as good for “ye asthma, ye ricket, ye spleen…and with iris and honey it doth emarginate the rotten, and cleanse foul ulcers and fillup the hollow”. (The medieval surgeon Fingard recommended it like this for inoperable cancers). Dioscorides ends by warning it is “poisonous”. As traditional herbalists, the long-term, massive intake of a herb with side effects – whether in its single constituent in chemotherapy or as a whole herb – goes against the natural common sense that nature was good enough to bestow us with.

Artemisia annua against breast cancer (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) British Naturopathic Journal 2002, 19 (1) 14. Researchers in the University of Washington have been using artemisinin – a constituent of artemisia – to combat breast cancer. ‘Virtually all’ the breast cancer cells (presumably in vitro) were killed off within 16 hours. The same constituent is used to kill parasites, and works by interfering in the high iron content in the parasites. As breast cancer cells also have a high iron content, it seems as if the same action applies.

Artemisinin`s effect on cancer. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) Lifesciences 2001, 70 (1) 49-56. Research on this constituent of Artemisia annua (wormwood) has been reported before. In this study leukaemia cells were exposed to artemisinin. 75% of the cells were dead after 8 hours and 100% had died within 16 hours. Artemisinin combines with iron in cells to form free radicals which then do the damage. Cancer cells are up to 1000% higher in iron than healthy cells, which is why they die when normal cells are virtually unaffected.

Asthma: A Natural Protocol (Volume V Issue 1 - Spring 2001) M Chevaz. Nutrit, Pract 2(2) 39 2000, Greenfiles 14(4) 37 2000 Asthma incidence has increased by over 29% in the last 12 years and this article describes a natural approach. Magnesium and vitamin B6 are both involved in smooth muscle relaxation which reduces bronchiospasm and histamine response. Excess caffeine and alcohol consumption and prescription diuretics reduce cellular Magnesium. Coleus forskolli has been used in Auyvedic medicine has been used to treat respiratory disorders. Ginkgo biloba has long been used to treat lung disorders and it has been demonstrated that terpinoids in the plant can affect microcirculation and reduce inflammation. Other constituents improve capillary integrity and strengthen collagen tissues.

Babies, Children and Food Allergy. (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) Reports suggest that the prevalence of food allergy in children is about 4-8% and food related complaints to affect as many as 28% of children. Janice Joneja discusses the factors associated with childhood food allergy and offers practical advice on how to prevent its occurrence Optimum Nutrition 13(2) 22 2000

Berberine`s effect on the cardiovascular system. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Cardiovascular drug review 2001, 19 (3) 234-44. Tests carried out at the Chinese University of Hong Kong have shown that berberine helps prevent irregular heartbeat and possibly failure. It also increases contraction force, prolongs ventricular activity and dilates blood vessels.

Bilirubin`s antioxidant role. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) British Naturopathic Journal 2002, 19 (4) 91. Researchers at the John Hopkins school of medicine have discovered that the waste product bilirubin has remarkable anti-oxidative properties. While excessive levels in the blood lead to jaundice, slightly raised levels are a good health indicator. Every glutathione molecule, an important cellular antioxidant, can consume one oxidant molecule while each bilirubin molecule can tackle an amazing 10,000 oxidant molecules.

Bitters (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) Kerry Bone Aust. J. Med. Herb. 11 (2) 61 1999. Greenfiles 13(4) 20 1999, reviews research on the mechanism of action of bitters in enhancing digestive function. Two main mechanisms appear to be a) a reflex action from the bitter taste buds and b) a direct action on the stomach lining, although further research is needed to understand fully how bitters act. The article discusses indications and contraindications and the best way to prescribe bitters.

Borago for oral health. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Prostaglandins, leukotrienes and EFAs 2003, 68, 213-8. In a recent study, 24 people with peridontitis were given either fish oil, borage oil, borage and fish oils or a placebo. There was no improvement in the placebo group after 12 weeks, little improvement in the groups taking fish oil but significant improvement in the borage group with reduction of gingivitis and depth of pockets around teeth.

Bone loss (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997) A major Australian study has found that a high sodium intake causes calcium loss which in turn reduces bone density. Post-menopausal women who halved their salt intake were as protected from further bone loss as if they had increased their calcium intake.

Boswellia serrata (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) is reviewed by Kerry Bone in Mediherb Professional Review No. 69 June 1999. The herb is anti- inflammatory and anti- arthritic and is indicated in many inflammatory states such as inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis etc. Boswellia combines well with other herbs and there are no expected adverse reactions or known contraindications. Greenfiles Summer 1999.

Boswellia serrata in chronic colitis. (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) I.Gupta et al. Planta Medica 2001, 67 9 (5) 391-5. In this small study, 20 patients were given 900mg of boswellia daily, while 10 controls were given sulphasalazine, an allopathic drug. After 6 weeks, 90% of the boswellia group and 60% of the control group showed improvement. More interestingly, 78% of the boswellia group went into remission, as did 67% of the other group – thus proving that symptomatic prescribing usually affords only transient improvement, regardless of the medicine involved.

Bread additive, common, is linked to behavioural problems. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) J. Paediatr. & Child Health, 1/0/02. Calcium propionate is a common additive to bread, used to stop bread going mouldy in plastic wrapping. It is also found in some cheeses, dried fruits and fruit juices. An Australian study put 27 children with attention and behavioural problems on an eliminative diet. Their symptoms decreased by two thirds. When the children were put on bread containing calcium propionate, their behavioural problems returned to levels before the trial.

Breastfeeding and allergic rhinitis. (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) Minouni Bloch et al. Acta Paediatr. 2002, 91 (30) 275-9. A meta - analysis of various studies in the USA has shown that breastfeeding in the first three months of life protects the baby from allergic rhinitis. Obviously breastfeeding is normally the preferred natural form of feeding. Whilst the physical pathway by which allergic rhinitis is guarded against by breastfeeding remains unclear, the emotional pathway is clearer, as ‘allergic rhinitis’ translates in emotional pathology into ‘a hostile over-reaction arising from fear and inner crying’. Clearly the intimacy of breastfeeding would guard against such an outlook.

Breastfeeding and childbirth significance for breast cancer. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) Lancet 2002 360 (9328) 187-95. A meta-analysis of 47 studies in 30 countries was undertaken to assess the impact of breastfeeding and childbirth on breast cancer. It showed that these were significant, with cancer patients having fewer childbirths and less breastfeeding time. The risk of breast cancer drops by 4.3% for every 12 months of breastfeeding and by 7% for each birth. It was estimated that if developed countries had childbirth and breastfeeding patterns like 3rd world countries, then breast cancer would decrease from 6.3 to 2.7 in 100 women. Breastfeeding alone would account for nearly two thirds of this reduction.

Canola and olive oils can both reduce fat (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997)
Canola (rapeseed) oil and olive oil are equally effective in helping reduce fat levels in the blood. Researchers found there was little between the two oils when they tested both on people with hyperlipoproteinemia, a disorder which creates an excess of fats and fatty substances in the blood. In addition, 22 patients with high cholesterol participated in a cross-over study comprising two consecutive three-week treatment periods, consisting of a diet prepared with either of the oils. Total blood cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein and the ratio between low density and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased to the same extent on the two diets tested, even after adjustments were made for body weight.

Chewing gum releases mercury in fillings. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Epidemiology, 1/07/02, S160. A Swedish study compared a small group of 17 regular gum chewers with a control group and found that their blood had double the amount of mercury and breath and urine samples contained three times that of the control group. The more fillings each member had, the more mercury was detected. This confirms the findings of a previous study that was specifically using nicotine gum. It is not clear whether the results are the effects of the act of chewing, or some property of the gum.

Cholesterol Lowering (Volume V Issue 1 - Spring 2001) Uffe Ravnskov WDDTY 11(9) 2000. This is a critical review of the evidence that cholesterol and coronary heart disease are correlated. The original evidence suggesting that total fat intake and death rates from CHD is weak if the data from all 22 countries is included rather than the 6 that were selected. For example Finland has a CHD death rate that is 7 times higher than that of Mexico although the fat consumption is the same. Studies now indicate that fat is not the causal factor. Cholesterol lowering drugs called Statins inhibit the production of cholesterol, by as much as 20-30 per cent. However the statins have been shown to inhibit production of mevalonic acid which is a precursor of cholesterol ,but they also affect smooth muscle and thromboxane which could explain the benefits of the drug which are independent of cholesterol levels.

Cimicifuga racemosa (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) is reviewed by Steven Foster Herbalgram No. 45, 35 Winter 1999. This herb has been used in herbal medicine to treat menopausal symptoms for many years. It is now known that the herb does not possess any oestrogenic activity nor does it suppress luteinising hormone. Greenfiles Summer 1999.

Clinical Application of Selected South African Medicinal Plants. (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) Nigel Gericke . Aust J. Med Herb 13(1) 3 2001. Greenfiles 15(3) 21 2001. This is a report of a talk given at the 4th International Conference on Phytotherapeutics at Kurrajong in February 2001. Sceletium tortuosum. This herb elevates mood and decreases anxiety and tension, with no reported severe adverse reactions. Case histories describe the use for severe depression, post natal depression and personality disorder. Sceletium also helps to reduce addictions to smoking and alcohol. Sutherlandia frutescens. This adaptogenic herb is used as an immune modulatory tonic in AIDS, TB and cancer. It also is of use for digestive problems, anxiety and depression. Sutherlandia is having a significant impact on the quality of life of many AIDS patients (Gericke Ibid, 13(1) 17 2001.) Warburgia sulutaris. The pepperbark tree is a natural antimicrobial and is used to treat yeast, fungal, bacterial and protozoal infections. Siphonochilus aethiopicus. Is a rare member of the ginger family and is regarded as Africa’s natural anti – inflammatory. It is used for fevers, asthma, sore throats, sinusitis and thrush.

Coenzyme Q10 for Parkinsons. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) BMJ 2002, 325 (7369) 851 J. Hopkins. Patients with Parkinsons have impaired mitochondrial function – and therefore lowered energy levels. As coenzyme Q10 is found mainly in mitochondria, it is involved in the conversion of energy from nutrients, and as tissue concentrations fall with age, a study was undertaken to assess the effectiveness of supplemented coenzyme Q10 in Parkinsons patients. It was shown to have a significant improvement over a placebo group., with the highest dosage - 1200mg four times a day – being most effective.

Controlled trial of feverfew preparation (Volume I Issue 2 - Autumn/Winter 1997-1998) de Weerdt C J et al. Phytomedicine 1996, 33(3), 225-230. 50 Patients in a thorough trial in a hospital outpatient department - the product, capsules of an extract containing the equivalent to 500 micrograms of parthenolide, exemplifies the drug-approach to a herb, by attempting to tightly control a single constituent. It is no surprise that it was ineffective. The whole herb is needed, as empirical evidence has shown.

Cow’s Milk and Diabetes (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997)
Cow's milk may be a trigger factor in the development of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (Type l), a disorder in which the body attacks and destroys its own insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Researchers at the University of Rome and St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London discovered that some diabetics' immune cells are primed to attack a cow's-milk protein that happens to resemble proteins on the surface of the cells that produce insulin in the pancreas. This unwanted immune response could be the result of susceptible infants being introduced to cow's milk early in life.

Cranberry juice can potentiate warfarin. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) BMJ 2003, 327 (7429) 1454. Reports have come through the yellow card scheme suggesting excess bleeding can occur when warfarin patients consume cranberry juice. It is thought that the flavanoids in the drink inhibit the action of P450 enzymes which metabolise warfarin – so the drug remains active in the system for longer than usual.

Crataegus - more than a purely physical relationship. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Phytotherapy Res. 2002, 16 (1) 48-54. In a small randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial, patients with mild hypertension were given either hawthorn, magnesium, both or a placebo. The hawthorn group had the greatest effect in lowering diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, the participants reported experiencing less anxiety.

Curcumin`s anti-cancer effect. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) Cancer 2002, 95 (6) 1206-14, H.Hidaka et al. Whilst the use of Curcuma in cancer patients has been well documented, the exact influence it has on cancer cells has not. Research on the effects of curcumin (the yellow pigment in turmeric) on human cancer cells has shown that it greatly reduces the expression of two materials by those cells. The first was interleukin-8 (IL8), a chemokine that interferes with human neutrophil activity. It reduces the neutrophils` ability to release enzymes and express surface adhesion molecules, thereby clearly compromising their effectiveness. The second was nuclear factor xb (NF xb), which is involved in cell reproduction, with pathologically high levels of NF xb being linked to cancer. Curcumin was shown to reduce significantly levels of both IL8 and NF xb, thus explaining its effectiveness.

Cynara scolymus - Artichoke leaf extract relieves the symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome. (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) Walker A F and Marakis G. Phytotherapy Research 15, 58 2001: IBS is a complaint affecting 22% of the population. This study used volunteers reporting at least 3 IBS symptoms (n = 279) and each used 2 capsules of the extract (320mg per capsule) 3 times daily for 6 weeks. Physicians and patients assessed symptoms on a 5 point scale at baseline, after 3 and 6 weeks. The overall effectiveness was significant.

Dental hygiene and CVD - Link between. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) M. Larkin, Lancet 2002, 360 (9327) 147. Periodontal disease and heart disease both involve inflammatory changes brought about by the same organisms - chlamydia pneumoniae, porphyromonas gingivalis and actinobacillus actinomycetencomitans. Peridonitis is associated with increased thickness of the carotid artery - implying involvement in atheroma. It has also been observed that peridontal treatment improves endothelial function. Whilst the exact route the pathogens take from the mouth to the heart remains unclear, it is apparent that the link is undeniable.

Diabetes, herbal management of. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) Medical Herbalism, 13 (2) 1, 3-9, 20. This article looks at the root pathologies of type II diabetes – pancreatic disturbance, liver disturbance and insulin resistance (ie blood insulin levels would be normal, with normal pancreatic and hepatic functions were it not for a depressed ability of the body’s cells to use insulin). In such cases the following herbs are believed to be of benefit without interfering with pancreatic/hepatic function: Panax quinquefolius:Grifola spp (fungi), Momardica charantia, Ocimum spp, Cinnamomum cassia

Diabetes - Type 2. The dangers of new drugs. (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) Clive Couldwell WDDTY 12(6) 1 2001. Type 2 diabetes is non insulin dependent diabetes and is the more common type, occurring when the body produces insufficient insulin to meet it’s needs, or when the cells of the body have become resistant to insulin’s effects. Type 2 symptoms, when they are present include frequent urination, excessive thirst, fatigue, blurred vision, tingling in the hands and feet, impotence in men and the absence of periods in women. This type of diabetes can be safely and effectively treated by diet and lifestyle changes. However the introduction of oral hypoglycaemic drugs have largely replaced dietary control because it is easier. This review details the trials that have been carried out and concludes that the majority of diabetics who take oral hypoglycaemics could get along with only mild dietary changes and avoid the risk of premature heart disease. The dangers of these drugs are also discussed in some detail. Natural treatments that are reviewed include supplementation with Vit. E , garlic, onion, fenugreek seeds, dandelion root, Jerusalem artichokes and burdock root, cinnamon and American ginseng.

Dietary omega- 3 fatty acids and coronary atherosclerosis. (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) A trial is reported in which participants were given fish oil concentrate (55% EPA & DHA) or a placebo, 6g. daily for three months and 3g. daily for twenty one months. At the conclusion of the trial 36 in the placebo group showed mild progression, 5 showed moderate progression and 7 mild regression. In the fish oil group 35 showed mild progression, 4 showed moderate progression, 14 showed mild regression and 2 moderate regression. The conclusions are that dietary intake of omega – 3 fatty acids modestly mitigates the course of coronary atherosclerosis in humans. Schacky, c. et al Ann. Intern. Med. 130(7) 554 1999. Greenfiles Summer 1999

Douching - Potential hazards of. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) Obstet. ynacol. 2002 100 (4) 765-72, Ness, R.B. et al. A recent study has shown an increased risk of bacterial vaginosis linked to the habit of douching monthly or more often. The mechanism seems to be due to disrupted vaginal flora. Levels of lactobacilli (which produce the antibacterial hydrogen peroxide) fall, thereby causing susceptibility to pathological internal and external bacteria.

Drug-Herb interactions (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999)
A recent report lists some known or potential interactions. Feverfew, garlic, ginger and ginseng may alter bleeding time and should not be used with Warfarin. Echinacea if used beyond 8 weeks could cause hepatotoxicity(!) and should not be used with other known hepatotoxic drugs. It should not be given with immunosuppressants. Ginseng may cause headache and manic episodes in patients on phenelzene sulphate, it may also affect blood glucose levels and should not be given in diabetes. Valarian should not be used with barbiturates. Evening primrose and borage should not be given with anti-convulsants. Miller L.G. Arch. Int. Med. 158 20 1998

Dysbiosis and psychiatric imbalances. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) CAM 2004, 3 (10) 39-44. The link between unhealthy gut flora and conditions such as autism, schizophrenia and ADHD is now well established. The authour, Dr Natasha Campbell-McBride, has found gut dysbiosis in almost 100% of mothers whose children have such psychiatric conditions – confirming that the child inherits its intestinal flora from the mother. We are reminded that breast feeding is important in establishing and maintaining healthy flora. Dysbiosis leads to poor assimilation of nutrients and fermentation of foods with toxins being released into the blood and thence the nervous system and brain. For instance gluten and casein, in the presence of dysbiosis, create peptides called gluteomorphin and casomorphin, which are chemically similar to opiates. They are found in the urine of patients with schizophrenia, autism, depression and rheumatoid arthritis.

Echinacea: What makes it work? (Volume III Issue 1- Spring 1999) Kerry Bone . Brit. J. Phyt. 5(1) 3 1998.reviews the active constituents and pharmacology of Echinacea, and critically discusses the importance of polysaccharides to the activity of Echinacea preparations. Traditional ethanolic extracts do not rely on polysaccharides for their activity, since they contain insignificant amounts of polysaccharides. Ethanolic extracts do contain Lipophilic alkylamides and polar caffeic acid derivatives which appear to be largely responsible for the immunostimulatory activity. However in aqueous extracts, expressed juice, and in the powdered herb, polysaccharides may also be implicated.

Echinacea (Volume I Issue 3- Spring 1998) When should it be used? Bone K Eur. J. Herbal Med 3 no. 3, 13-17, Winter 1997-8. Tabulates 63 conditions, many chronic, for which Eclectics used E. angustifolia radix. Argues strongly that misunderstanding of the immune system has led to a recent rush of papers recommending only short courses of treatment. Phagocytic activity remains higher than normal while the herb is given and remains above normal for a few days on stopping. It returns to the normal level thereafter, without a depleting effect. Also argues that the German Commission E monograph is overcautious in its warnings against use in tuberculosis, leukaemia, collagen disorders, multiple sclerosis, AIDS, HIV infection and other auto-immune disease. Author’s experience and reasoning favours use in these conditions. Echinacea works best as a preventative.

Effect of a proprietary herbal (Reumalex or Ligvites ) on the relief of chronic arthritic pain (Volume I Issue 2 - Autumn/Winter 1997-1998) Mills S.Y. et al Br. J Rheumatol. 1996, 35, 874-8
82 ambulant patients in a controlled trial. Pain scores at monthly intervals starting 2 months before treatment, plus several other measurements showed a mild analgesic effect in stable arthritics, but no associated improvement in mobility and function scores were seen.
Comment: Illustrates the difficulty in getting an OTC product to meet the needs of a wide population, confirming that individual treatment is preferable.

Electromagnetic pollution and brain disorders. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Scientists in Israel have discovered tiny calcite crystals in the pineal gland. The crystals generate a small electrical charge and could therefore be affected by interaction with electromagnetic fields, such as mobile phones or microwaves (Powerwatch UK, p9). Meanwhile, in The Ecologist (1/11/02, p36) Mark Purdey, an organic farmer, has postulated a theory that BSE is developed by consuming organophosphates which leach copper from the brain, thereby leading to an excess of manganese which binds with prions (transmittable mutant proteins) and causes the lesions seen in BSE. Further, he says that electromagnetic fields would increase the brain cells` propensity to store manganese and lode copper. Nerve cells abnormally low in copper store electricity instead of allowing it to pass along the nerve. At a critical level, the stored electricity will have to discharge, destroying the cell.The most common site for clusters of CJD incidence is around airports - areas high in artificial electromagnetic fields - thereby lending weight to the theory.

Fibromyalgia and Toxic Overload. (Volume V Issue 2 - Summer 2001) Lynn Toohey Nutri Notes 6(2) 2001. Fibromyalgia refers to muscle and joint pain that persists for no discernible reason. It is described as a syndrome characterised by widespread musculoskeletal pain and has previously been described by different names such as fibrositis, myofacial pain, myofascitis etc. This article discusses the possible causes and theories of FM including pollution from bonfires ( produces more dioxin than the much feared commercial incinerator) contaminated water supplies, fallout. Drugs excreted by people and livestock contaminate our water supplies. No wonder then at the increase in syndromes such as FM. The article also discusses the use of nutritional supplements and herbs such as Valeriana officianalis, Scutellaria laterifolia, Passiflora incarnata, Zingiber officianalis, Salix alba etc. and tissue concentrates. Anthocyanidins at a dose of 80mg per day have been shown to aid sleep disturbance in FM patients. Edwards A.M. et.al. J. Nutritional and Environmental Medicine 10, 189 2000

Folic acid and neural tube defects. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) BMJ 2003, 326 (7398) 1054. An American epidemiologist has estimated that up to 350,000 deaths in the UK over the last decade could have been avoided if the government had reacted to information concerning the importance of folic acid in avoiding neural tube defects by adding it to flour. Folic acid is also protective against CVD, strokes, deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Its action is thought to be largely due to its ability to lower levels of the amino acid homocysteine which is associated with CVD.

Foot–and–mouth disease (Volume V Issue 2 - Summer 2001) Slaughterhouse flu. Steven Ransom WDDTY 12(1) 2001. No one can doubt the profound effect that FMD, portrayed by the graphic images appearing in the media of mass slaughter and burning, is having on this Nation. The facts however about this crisis are very different from what we are told. Abigail Woods is a vet and researcher at Manchester University and in writing in The Times (1-3-2001) states that ‘FMD is as serious to animals as bad flu is to human beings’. In fact FMD rarely kills the animals that catch it and most will recover in two weeks and the animals would develop immunity to the virus. The instant slaughter policy harks back to early 20th century thinking that eventually persuaded the continent and the rest of the world to follow suit. We instituted the policy and we have to live with the results of the policy. The case against mass slaughter is presented.
Karin Mont, Homoeopath and chairperson of the HMA, has written an article (photocopies available) on the homoeopathic use of Borax 30 which was useful in containing the 1967 outbreak. Borax is the chief non-biological prophylactic remedy in the control of FMD and works by reducing the susceptibility to infection. The recommended dose is 10 drops of the liquid form of Borax 30 in 30 gallons of drinking water.

Gastrointestinal Support Plan: (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) Remove, Replace, Reinoculate, Repair. Helen Kimber (Editor) in Nutri Notes 4 (6) 1999. Remove refers to the elimination of pathogens and parasites using herbs such as Picrasma excelsa, Artemesia annua, Hydrastis canadensis, Juglans nigra, gentiana lutea and allium sativum. It also refers to the removal of foods from the diet to which a person may be intolerant. Replace refers to the replacement of digestive factors whose secretion may be limited including hydrochloric acid, gastric, pancreatic and intestinal enzymes and bile. This can be accomplished using supplements and herbs such as althea officianalis , ulmus rubra. Reinoculate refers to the introduction of probiotics to balance the gut microflora, and Repair to support for regeneration of the mucosa using supplements.

Ginkgo biloba (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) has been shown to increase the pain free walking distance in patients with peripheral occlusive arterial disease. In this placebo controlled, double blind, multicentre study, patients were randomised to receive either a ginkgo biloba extract (120 mg.) daily or a placebo daily for 24 weeks. Significant increases in performance were observed over the placebo group. Peters .H et al VASA 27 106 1998. Lambert’s Nutrition bites 8 (2) 2000

Ginkgo biloba (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) extracts have been tested in the treatment of dementia. The latest drugs for the treatment of dementia in Alzheimer’s disease belong to the acetylcholinesterase inhibitor group. The disease manifests with a deficiency of Acetylcholine, leading to a reduction of neurotransmission. Inhibitors of cholinesterase will maintain acetylcholine levels and improve cognitive performance. A special extract of ginkgo biloba EGb 761, shows multiple pharmacological effects on the cerebral neurones, including improvement of glucose metabolism, stabilisation of plasma membranes, antioxidant effects and platelet activating factor antagonism. The extract was found to increase acetylcholine synthesis and release and increase cholinergenic receptors. The symptoms of dementia were delayed for similar periods of time and similar response rates were obtained with both acetylcholinesterase inhibitors and the ginkgo extract. Wettstein A. Phytomedicine 6 393 2000. T. Alexeeff Aust J Med Herbalism 12(2) 59 2000

Gingko Clinical Studies. (Volume VI Issue 1 - Summer 2002) Kerry Bone. British Journal of Phytotherapy, 5 (4) 2002. A trial in Munich has shown the efficacy of a single dose of Gingko in cognitive function. 20 participants took either a placebo or Gingko in 120mg, 240mg and 360mg doses with 7 day wash-out periods in between. The order of the six administrations was random. In cognitive assessments conducted 1 hr, 2.5hrs and 6hrs after administration, significant improvements (especially “speed of attention”) were noted with the 240mg and 360mg doses, appearing 2.5 hours after admin and still being efficient after 6 hrs. So now you know what to take at your next exam. Another trial provided further proof of Gingko’s efficacy in sustained use for chronic underfunctioning in the elderly. A study on healthy, middle-aged volunteers combined Gingko with Panax ginseng over a 12 week period. Cognitive function – especially working and long term memory – was improved by 7.5% on average and was still in evidence two weeks after the end of the study. Dosage is not given, but it was daily in the morning.

Gingko biloba (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) seems to be attracting much attention recently, not all of it positive. An article by A. S. Granger in ‘Age and Ageing’ (2001, 30 (6) 523-5) describes two cases where two patients had well-controlled epilepsy, had both suffered recurrent seizures within two weeks of taking 120mg daily of gingko (though whether whole herb or extract is not clear) and both remained free of seizures having stopped taking gingko. Another article in ‘The Journal of Pharmacotherapy’, (Lucinda Miller and Barton Freeman, 2002, 2 (2) 57-63) describes a case where a 78 year-old man was admitted to hospital with headache, confusion and right-sided weakness after having a fall five days previously. The fall had resulted in eccymosis over the left eye orbit. He had been on lisinopril – an allopathic vasodilator and hypotensive – and 50mg TDA of gingko. Again, whether whole herb or extract is not clear. It was suggested that the gingko was responsible for, or predisposed the patient to a subdural haematoma – though the fall itself might well have been a factor. A third article by Susan Wolf in ‘The Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism’ (2001, 13 (3) 97-105) collates data from various trials on gingko and examines the results. She concludes that there is overwhelming evidence that gingko is indicated in cerebral insufficiency (which we know) but also that there may be a risk of bleeding if anticoagulants are being used or if there are insufficient nutrients in the blood for proper clotting. Herein lies the crux of the issue. Herbalists are trained to take into account allopathic drugs when prescribing, and will also (as primary treatment) be concerned with the state of the blood – after all, if the blood is pure, there shouldn’t be any reason for disease to manifest. The nature of clinical trials is such that these individual nuances can’t be taken into account – if only because of time restrictions. However, it is worth considering the anticoagulant action of gingko if other anticoagulants are being used, and further considering the possibility of gingko being contra-indicated in epilepsy – presumably because of its main action of increasing blood supply to the brain. A fourth article relating to gingko gives a little light relief. It may or may not have come about due to the current interest in gingko! The article is reported in ‘The Modern Phytotherapist’ (2002 6 (3) 22-4) by the experienced and authoritative Kerry Bone, where colchicine was found in gingko samples. Blood was taken from 5 pregnant women and was found to contain colchicine. Gingko biloba – for no obvious reason – was then tested and was also found to contain colchicine. Colchicine is an allopathic drug, being taken from the autumn crocus (colchicum autumnale). It’s like finding digitalis in a sample of dandelion root – clearly not likely. Kerry Bone – very kindly assuming that colchicine was found in the Gingko at all – estimated that the mothers-to-be would have had to consume 40 tablets a day to achieve such blood levels (leaving little time to get pregnant in the first place). Furthermore, the levels of colchicine reported would have apparently been enough to kill the unborn children. Apparently the farce got into the press (tabloids presumably), where one Professor Ernst was quoted as saying the alleged risk from gingko ‘was a disaster waiting to happen…another catastrophe like thalidomide’. Whereupon he was strapped back into his jacket.

Ginkgo for glaucoma. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Ophthalmology 2003, 110, 359-64. A study involving a group of patients with glaucoma and failing eyesight dosed 40mg of ginkgo three times a day for 4 weeks followed by 8 weeks rest followed by 4 weeks on placebo. During the ginkgo test, eyesight improved by 24%.

Glycyrrhiza glabra (Liquorice): safe as candy? (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) Pat Thomas PROOF! 6(2) 12 2001. Liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) is one of the most extensively investigated remedies, contains many chemical constituents including glycerrhizin. Studies have shown that this herb can heal ulcers, help with menstrual irregularities and is anti – inflammatory, expectorant and decongestant. In Japan it is used to reduce testosterone levels in women with ovarian cysts and to increase fertility. In China it is second only to Panax ginseng as the most prescribed herb. Recent studies have demonstrated free radical scavenging properties that inhibit the oxidation of LDL. Glycerrhizin has also been shown to have immune – stimulating properties. However adverse effects have been documented including an acquired mineralocorticoid excess syndrome, characterised by sodium retention, potassium loss and suppression of the renin – angiotensin - aldosterone system. It has also been associated with elevated blood pressure, water retention, abdominal pain, amenorrhoea , headaches, muscle weakness and heart failure. It seems that the evidence for the adverse effects mostly comes from case studies and not trials. One case is reported of a woman with hypertension who was drinking 3 L of liquorice tea daily. It took two months before her blood pressure normalised after stopping the tea. Liquorice consumption has been studied by Finnish researches and in pregnant women consuming at least 500mg weekly more than doubled the risk of delivery before 38 weeks. The vast majority of overdose cases involve huge amounts of extract or concentrates which suggests what all traditional herbalists know, that is - herbs are very safe in the right hands! The whole herb in the correct dosage will minimise any adverse effects of glycyrrhizin.

Glycyrrhiza in the fight against SARS. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Lancet 2003, 361 (9374). A new coronavirus has been found in patients with SARS. A study was carried out to test various drugs and glycrrhizin - a component of glycyrrhiza - in combating replication of samples of the virus from two patients. Glycyrrhizin came out on top in selectivity with an index of 67 compared to 5 and 12 for two of the drugs. It was also shown to inhibit absorption and penetration of the virus, which is the first step in the replication process.

Gymnema sylvestre in diabetes. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) K. Bone, Mod. Phytotherapist 2002, 7 (1) 7-11. As well as the usual herbs for diabetes, Bone details gymnema (Gurmar), an Indian herb whose leaves are chewed. It reduces the need for insulin and reduces blood sugar levels. One study showed that insulin-dependant diabetics reduced insulin intake by an average of 50% on a water soluble gymnema extract. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels also fell. Trials have also suggested that it can help to restore damaged pancreatic tissue. In addition to this, gymnema disrupts sugar absorption in the small intestine, thereby sparing the pancreas extra work and being of help in weight loss for those who tend towards a sweet tooth. As if all this weren`t enough, it also anaethetises the sweet taste buds in the mouth, thereby making it easier for the patient to kick an emotionally-based sugar craving. Gymnema is available from the Herbal Apothecary.

Haemachromotosis (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) Yvonne Tait & Janice Harper in Aust. J Med. Herbalism 11(1) 41 1999. A 37 yrs. old female presented with haemachromotosis. The conventional medical procedure involved blood letting to the extent of 800 ml.weekly at one stage of her treatment. The herbal and dietary treatment is recorded over several months and comprised of liver cleansing and anti-viral herbal medicines and succeeded in improving blood quality, showing a reduction in serum ferritin, trans ferrin and iron levels and a much improved quality of life.

Healing Honey (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997) Manuka honey may be an easy and cheap way to treat chronic leg ulceration, report New Zealand clinicians. In a pilot study involving ten patients (and 11 ulcers), a single daily application of a thin smear of honey for 8 weeks resulted in significant healing (over 25% of surface area) in four ulcers. There was no change in six ulcers, and one grew in size. The authors note, however, that despite honey acting as a bactericide in vitro, there was little change in the bacterial flora of the ulcers during the study.

Herbal Liquid Comparison Testing (Volume III Issue 1- Spring 1999) Brett. G. Constable Modern Phytotherapist 4(2) 1998. This is a research study in which different extracts were analysed. The active constituents varied showing a wide disparity. The important factors are the levels of constituent in the raw material, the extraction conditions and the extraction technique used.

Herbal tea stops colic (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997)
A herbal tea preparation stopped infantile colic in 57 per cent of children given the treatment.
Researchers tested the tea on 33 infants, while another 35 were given a placebo. The tea helped clear the problem in 19 cases, although the placebo was effective in nine, or 26 per cent, of cases.

HIV transmission and breastfeeding in Cote d’Ivoire (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997)
Results indicate that the risk of transmission through breastfeeding does not disappear after the first few weeks of life, but continues throughout the entire breastfeeding period.

Homoeopathic treatment of otitis media (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999)
A recent study of 130 children between the ages of 6 months and 11 years were observed for duration of pain, fever and recurrence. The majority were given single remedies (Acon., Apis.,Bell., Caps., Cham., Kali-bi., Lach., Lyc., Merc.sol., Puls., Sil.), while 28 received allopathic remedies such as nasal drops, antibiotics, secretolytics and/or antipyretics. The average time of treatments was
four days for the homoeopathic and ten days for the allopathic. In the homoeopathic group patients suffered pain from infection for two days, while in the allopathic group, pain lasted three days. 70.7% of the homoeopathic group had no recurrence of infection within one year, compared with 56.5% in the allopathic group. A large proportion (43.5%) in the latter group had a maximum of six recurrences after one year. Five children in the homoeopathic group did not respond to their treatment and were given antibiotics. This confirms earlier research (Lancet, 2 883 1981) that conventional treatments do no better than placebo in shortening the lengths of illness. Patients not given antibiotics had fewer recurrences than those given the drugs. Friese K.H. et.al. Int. J. Clin. Pharm.& Therap. 35, 296,1997. Proof! 2(2) 10 1998

HRT - Risks Tripled (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997). Three smaller studies of the effects of HRT showed that women who take HRT are three times more likely to have a venous thrombo-embolism and twice as likely to develop a pulmonary embolism. The first of the studies was carried out by researchers at the Department of Public Health and Primary Care at the University of Oxford, and their findings were backed by a US study. The results were published in The Lancet (October 12), where the risk is described as small.

Hypericum perforatum (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999). The mechanism of action of hypericum was investigated by using a standardised extract containing 900 mcg hypericin . The extract was found to inhibit the uptake of all three neurotransmitters, serotonin, noradrenaline and dopamine, but had only weak monoamine oxidase activity. Muller W., et al., Pharmacopsychiatry 30 (5) 102, 1997
A case study is reported in this paper concerning some side effects observed with a 35 year old woman who experienced increased photosensitivity and temporary nerve damage whilst taking hypericum . Photoactive hypericins when exposed to light produce compounds that cause cell damage, particularly to the myelin sheath around the nerve cells producing neurological symptoms. Bove, G.M. Lancet 352, 1121, 1998

Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) is reviewed by Samantha Christie, Lambert’s Nutrition Bites (8) 9 2000. The review considers the chemical constituents, physiological activities and applications and compares the various clinical studies on human patients. A review of the benefits, adverse effects, drug interactions and safety of St.John’s Wort is given by Michael McIntyre, JACM, 6 (2) 2000

Hypericum perforatum – Drug Interactions and Implications for other Hepatic Herbs. (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) Simone Werbeloff Aust.J. Med Herb 13(2) 59 2001. The popularity of this herb is largely due to it’s anti-depressant activity, which has been shown by meta analysis to be at least as effective as mainstream allopathic drugs without the side effects. One component hypericin has been shown to interact with different types of medications often rendering them less effective and potentially a safety risk. The mechanism appears to be due to the competing activity on Phase one detoxification and on the transport protein P – glycoprotein. This review considers the interaction of Hypericum and a number of conventional drugs and the possibility of other herbs interacting in a similar manner on the detoxification pathways. Silybum marinum, Schizandra chinensis, Glycyrrhiza glabra and Curcuma longa are discussed.

Hypericum perforatum (St John’s Wort) extract and chronic pain. (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) Sindrop S H, Marsden C, Bach F W, Gram L F, Jensen TS. Pain 91, 361 2000. Medical herbalists frequently prescribe Hypericum to ease nerve pain and reduce peripheral neurological inflammation. In diabetes, nerve pain is experienced in the feet, as well as numbness and tingling and is associated with poor blood sugar control. An extract of Hypericum perforatum , providing 2700 mcg of hypericin was used against a placebo in a crossover trial among a group of mixed aetiology polyneuropathy patients (18 diabetics and 29 non-diabetics). All patients were taken off existing pain relieving drugs for 1 week, then, after a further week to establish baseline levels, they were randomised to treatment. One week separated the treatments as a washout period. Up to six tablets of paracetamol(500mg.) was available as relief medication during all study phases. Response was assessed using 4 criteria (1) ratings of specific pain phenomena, (2) number of paracetamol used each day if needed, (3) patient’s evaluation of pain relief and(4) preference for treatment at the end of the study period. Side effects were noted by the patients. Although there was a trend towards a lower pain score in those using the extract, the individual pain ratings compared to placebo was not significantly changed. The authors concluded that the extract has no effect on pain in polyneuropathy. There may have been too much variation and the study period of 5 weeks too short.

Hypericum perforatum - Clinical trials (Volume VI Issue 1 - Summer 2002) Kerry Bone Journal of Phytotherapy 5 (4) 2002. Results of a study in Munich have again shown Hypericum’s efficacy as an anti-depressive. It equalled fluoxetine (Prozac) in terms of anti-depressive effect, with almost half the side-effects. More interestingly, two separate double-blind, placebo controlled studies in a clinic in Sofia, Bulgaria, showed Hypericum to be effective in vivo against oral and genital herpes. A wide range of symptoms were evaluated during the 90 days trials (number of lesions, pain rating, frequency of attacks etc). Hypericum was approximately twice as effective as placebo in one trial and 50% more so in the other trial. The authors of the report expressed surprise as in vitro trials of Hypericum and herpes had shown that hypericin (the anti-viral constituent thought responsible for its effect on herpes) was active only in sunlight (administration in Sofia was oral, not topical). It concluded the effect on herpes may have been anti-viral, or perhaps due to anti-depressive or some other immuno-modulatory action.

lead - Insidious Exposure in Children. (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) Lynn Toohey (Editor) Nutri Notes 6(3) 2001. Lead toxicity is increasing in staggering proportions and is having the most profound effect on children, as lead is more concentrated in their systems. Children also suffer more pronounced damage because lead affects the developing brain. Lead may suppress neurone clusters and stunt the mapping of sensory nerves. The insidious hidden sources of lead include drinking water, foods, old pottery, cans, computer screens, cosmetics, hair dyes, cigarettes, pesticides, contaminated liver, air pollution, house dust, newsprint and contaminated soil etc. Lead has been tied to learning disabilities and juvenile delinquency even with low lead exposure. Lead inactivates many enzymes and proteins, displaces calcium in the bones and zinc and copper from other protein binding sites. Certain nutrients are used to combat the effects of lead exposure including Vit B12, Vit B6, choline, betaine , Mg , Mo , Vit C, Ca, Zn, and lipoic acid. Silybum marianum and silymarin are also discussed in this review as is hair mineral analysis.

Leaky Gut Syndrome. (Volume V Issue 2 - Summer 2001) Samantha Christie Nutrition Bites 10 12 2001 This review considers new dietary and herbal approaches to treatment of leaky gut. A number of factors may be involved in the development of the syndrome including inflammation and deterioration of the gut wall. The commonest causes of damage are infectious agents such as viral, bacterial and protozoal infection, alcohol and NSAIDS such as ibuprofen and aspirin. Leaky gut can be detected by an oral challenge with a mixture of mannitol and lactulose or polyethylene glycol and measuring the size of the molecules in the urine after the challenge. Treatment is described using the 3 stage approach of (1) remove the cause (2) improve gut function (3) Heal the gut. The treatments employ fructo-oligosaccharides, L- glutamine, anthocyanidins, Vitamin A, Lactobaccilus acidophilus, allium sativum and carduus marianus.

Link between nutrition and female hair loss. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) Nutrit. Pract. 2003, 4 (2) 12-16. Several studies have shown a link between female hair loss and low serum ferritin levels. Oral administration of iron and L-lysine has proved to be effective in treating this condition.

Lycopus europeus and Lycopus virginicus (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) are discussed by Peter Stevenson .The paper gives a useful overview of the biochemistry of the thyroid gland and the use of these herbs in treating hyperthyroidism. Written by an undergraduate of herbal medicine and not subject to peer review it is recommended reading for our students. Aust. J Med. Herbalism 11(1) 22 1999.

Magnesium. A review of its clinical application in diabetes, asthma and migraine (Part 1). (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) George Marakis PhD Nutrition Bites Issue 11 8 2001: This article considers the possibility of Mg deficiency in certain diseases and presents evidence for the potential therapeutic value of Mg supplementation in diabetes, asthma and migraine. Mg is an intracellular ion and exerts its effects inside cells. Although serum levels are used to assess Mg status, red blood cells can be abnormally low despite normal serum levels and rbc levels are a better indicator of body status. Because of food processing practices and the normal western diet, dietary intakes of Mg are sub-optimal and this results in Ca/Mg ratios of more than 4:1. This can have the effect of releasing catecholamines which lower the tissue Mg level and favour the excess production of vaso-constrictive and platelet aggravating factors. The article discusses the effects of Mg on non-insulin dependent diabetes, asthma and migraine headaches.

Mahonia aquifolium ointment in patients with psoriasis (Volume I Issue 2 - Autumn/Winter 1997-1998) Weisenauer M and Ludtke R Phytomedicine 1996, 3 (3), 231-235. 82 patients given 10% ointment for one side of the bdy and placebo ointment for the other, 2-3 times daily, bandaged at night, averaging four weeks. 61% of the patient and 64% of clinicians reported no change, yet the patients recorded significant improvement. A further analysis confirmed this. Four patients had a discomforting reaction.
Comment: This shows the ointment works for some patients, that 4 weeks will give evidence that it is. As usual the trial was criticised, this one for insufficiently precise measurements of the improvement seen.

Measles’ report (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997) A recent study in Guinea-Bissau, Africa, found that teenagers who had measles as young children were less likely to be allergic to the house-dust mite than teenagers who hadn't had the disease. This has lead some doctors to suggest that having childhood infections actually strengthens the immune system. Here's Health January 1997.

ME / Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) is a condition that is being treated more frequently by Herbal practitioners. Two articles will be of interest. John Graham discusses the possible abnormalities in the biochemistry and body ecology. Changes in bowel flora, blood lipids, blood and urine amino acids and sometimes abnormal urinary metabolites are frequently found along with low body potassium, magnesium and excessive generation of muscle lactate. The role of viruses, mycoplasmas, protozoa, mitochondrial membrane malfunction and electromagnetic fields is discussed.
Treatments include the use of coenzyme Q10, antioxidants, aminoacids, DHEA, fructo-oligosaccharides, and antiviral therapies. Allium cepa, Allium sativa, and Aloe vera as well as some common foodstuffs provide glyconutrients that are beneficial. Aust J Med Herbalism 12(1) 5 2000
Gary Ozarko discusses some selected cases of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome treated by different herbal practitioners.
Four very interesting and different cases are presented and it is well worth reading to gain insights about how different practitioners approach these cases. Aust J Med Herbalism 12(1) 11 2000

ME: natural ways to restore energy. (Volume V Issue 1 - Spring 2001) Pat Thomas Proof 5(1) 2 2000 This is an in-depth report of ME or chronic fatigue syndrome . It considers the potential causes such as viruses, stress, depression, adrenal insufficiency, candida albicans, hypothyroid, hypoglycaemia etc. The viral connection is well established and retroviruses are a strong candidate. Treatments using diet and detoxification, supplements, herbs (Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hydrastis Canadensis, Phytolacca decandra), TCM, massage and homoeopathy are discussed. Sarah Myhill Interaction 34 2000, Greenfiles 14(4) 39 2000 Dr Myhill, the medical advisor to Action for ME, outlines research findings and gives practical guidelines for management of ME.

Mellisa officinalis - Mental effects of melissa are dose specific. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2002, 72 953-64. A study at the University of Northumberland looked at the effects of different doses of melissa officinalis on 20 healthy volunteers using a standardised product called pharmaton SA. Its calming qualities were greatest in lower doses (300mg), whilst increased attention resulted from 600mg – but then reduced over 900mg.

Mentha pulegium Toxicity (Pennyroyal) (Volume I Issue 2 - Autumn/Winter 1997-1998) Measurement of toxic metabolite levels in two cases and Review of literature. Anderson IB et al Annals of Internal Medicine 1996, 124, 726-734 An overview - cases at San Francisco Poisons Centre plus references over a 90 year period: nearly all oil abuse or accidental overdose.
Comment: a cautionary summary for those who use this oil.

Milk, danger of, consumption for babies. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Br. Naturopathic J. 2003, 20 (1) 30. The case of a 5 month-old baby who died after receiving milk powder in cereal is discussed. When pregnant mothers - presumably sensitive to dairy products - consume appreciable amounts of milk, in excess of 30 antigenic milk proteins trigger the production of various antibodies in the gut which then cross the gut mucosa, then the placental barrier, contaminating the foetus thereby making the baby vulnerable to reactions to dairy products.

MMR debate continues. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Sunday Express, 06/10/02.This article claims that a 13 year old boy who has suffered violent seizures since being vaccinated with the MMR vaccine, still has the vaccine both in his intestine and also in that part of the brain that is responsible for the seizures.

Natural Progesterone: (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) advocated by John Lee who postulates that menopausal symptoms are due to progesterone not oestrogen deficiency. Creams containing natural progesterone have flooded the market with much hype. It now transpires that the progesterone used is not natural at all but is derived from Discorea villosa by chemical synthesis. The efficacy of the creams as a treatment for menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis is also questioned. P. Thomas PROOF! 3 (4) 10 1999

Oils and bronchitis (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997) Eucalyptus oil and menthol-containing ointment can help treat respiratory tract infections.

Olive Tree as Food, Medicine and Antibiotic. (Volume V Issue 2 - Summer 2001) David Potterton Br. Naturopathic J. 17(3) 54 2000. Greenfiles 14(4) 21 2000. The olive tree (Olea europoea) is being used as a leaf extract to treat a wide variety of infections. Oleuropin is a bitter constituent of olives, which is thought to protect the tree from disease and insect invasion, but it is normally removed during processing olives for consumption. An active constituent called calcium elenolate was isolated from oleuropin and was shown to inhibit the growth of every virus, bacterium, fungus and protozoan associated with human disease, in vitro. Calcium elenolate, however, binds strongly to proteins and becomes inactivated, but it was discovered that the d- isomer of elenolic acid does remain active in the blood stream. This product is now available as d- lenolate and the extract is found to prevent pathogenic bacteria from multiplying, to prevent viral reproduction and to inhibit production of reverse transcriptases in retroviruses.

Origanum vulgare (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) is reviewed by Kathi Kelville Amer. Herb Assoc. Newsletter 15 (4) 1999. This is one of the most antibacterial and antifungal herbs. The essential oil Carvacrol is about 1.5 times more powerful than thymol and twenty times that of phenol and has been shown to kill 30 species of bacteria . It also inhibits candida, E. coli and pseudomonas aeruginosa. Greenfiles 14 (1) 2000.

Osteoporosis (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999) This review paper considers the causes of osteoporosis, including risk factors and explores both the prevention and nutritional treatment approaches as revealed in the literature. Risk factors for both women and men are collated and current nutritional strategies are discussed. The research findings on the role of Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Mn, Cu, K, Vit D, Vit K, are discussed as well as weight bearing exercise, and dietary factors such as excess protein, heavy metals, phytates and caffeine. S.Christie, Lamberts Nutrition Bites, 6, 12, 1999.

Oxygen therapies (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) are reviewed by Simon Best WDDTY 11(7) 1 2000. These therapies involve the use of ozone, hydrogen peroxide and hyperbaric oxygen and have been used to treat cancer, heart disease, AIDS and other diseases. These therapies work because they stimulate leucocytes, kill viruses, increase tissue oxygenation, are antineoplastic, oxidise and degrade petrochemical contaminants, increase the efficiency of the antioxidant enzyme system, increase red blood cell flexibility, increase the production of interferon and tumour necrosis factor and accelerate the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The therapies aim to maximise biological oxidation thereby enabling elimination of toxic substances and boosting the immune system.

Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) has been investigated for its effects on postprandial glycaemia. Subjects with diabetes mellitus and non-diabetic controls were randomised to receive 3g. ginseng or placebo, either 40 minutes before or together with a glucose challenge. In non-diabetic subjects, no differences were found in postprandial glycemia between placebo and ginseng when administered together with the glucose challenge. However when ginseng was taken 40 minutes before the glucose challenge, significant reductions were observed.
In diabetic subjects the same was true whether the dose was taken before or together with the glucose challenge.
Thus Panax quinquefolius attenuates postprandial glycaemia in both diabetics and non-diabetics.
Vuksan, V. et al Arch. Int. Med. 160(7) 1009 2000. Greenfiles 14(3) 19 2000

Parkinson’s Disease (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) The importance of nutritional management. Lucille Leader Optimum Nutrition 13 (2) 46 2000 Lucille Leader describes how nutritional management which incorporates a knowledge of drug -nutrient interactions, diet and supplementation can influence the health of the Parkinson’s disease patient.

Pharmokinetic studies (Volume VI Issue 1 - Summer 2002) Kerry Bone, British Journal of Phytotherapy, 5 (4) 2002 Flavanoid glycosides, common in many plants, have poor bio-availability, especially when not in plant form. Flavanol and flavone dietary intakes have been shown to prevent CVD and strokes. Products containing quercetin in its “pure” form have recently been shown to be virtually useless in terms of bio- availability. A study looking at the absorption of organic quercetin in natural flavanoids has proved more effective. Two substances were used: quercetin – 4-0 – glucoside (from onions) and quercetin –3-O- rutinoside (obtained from buckwheat). Pure quercetin was also used, but no traces were found in the blood. In the onion extract, maximum levels were reached ½ - 1 hours after the dose. With the buckwheat extract, it took 5 – 10 hours. Levels from the onion were about 4 times greater than the rutin. It appears that the nature of the sugar in the flavanoid determines its bio-availability and the glucose in the onion is preferred. Also, the half-life of the onion extract was slow – about 17 hours – indicating enterohepatic re-circulation and leading to a longer exposure to tissues that would benefit from it. At least 6% of the onion’s flavanoids were assimilated. The delay in the appearance of the flavanoids from the rutin appears to be due to the fact that they are assimilated in the large intestine, whereas the flavanoids in the onion are assimilated in the small intestine. As Hippocrates said, “let food be your medicine and medicine your food”. And he did not wear a white coat.

Phytoestrogens - A Review of Evidence For Phytoestrogens as a Replacement for ORT. (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) M.G.Glazier and M.A.Bowman Arch. Int. Med. 161(9) 1161 2001. Greenfiles 15(3) 18 2001. Many women seek alternatives to hormone replacement therapy (ORT or HRT), usually Phytoestrogens. These are non steroidal compounds occurring naturally in plants and can bind to oestrogen receptors and may have both oestrogenic and anti - oestrogenic actions. These compounds fall into three types the isoflavanones, coumestans and lignans. The most potent are the isoflavanones and the most commonly investigated are genistein and daidzein. These are found in soy, chickpeas, clover, lentils and beans. Lignans are found in linseed, lentils, whole grains, beans, fruits and vegetables. There have been few controlled studies on the effects on menopausal symptoms. One study has shown significant decrease in vasomotor symptoms and hypoestrogenic symptoms when treated with phytoestrogens. Other studies using soy have shown a reduction in hot flashes. Ipriflavone has been shown in several studies to reduce bone loss. The authors conclude that there is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of phytoestrogens in place of HRT.

Phytolacca americana or decandra (Poke). (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) Francis Brinker European J. Herbal Medicine 5(3) 41 2001: This paper discusses the traditional uses of this herb for treatments of obesity, stomatitis, breast conditions, glandular diseases and skin diseases. In the early part of the last century, it formed a part of several combination remedies including Trifolium compound which contained red clover, stillingia, burdock, poke root, cascara and berberis aquifolium plus potassium iodide. The toxicity of poke root, berries and leaves is discussed. The use of the berries, leaves and root for topical treatment of cancers and internally for rheumatism, eventually gave way to the exclusive use of the fresh root as a treatment by the Eclectics of problems of the breasts, enlarged indurations of the lymph nodes and chronic skin conditions. Modern findings on the mitogenic and antiviral activity of protein components has revived interest in its medicinal potential.

Phytotherapy and Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Volume III Issue 1- Spring 1999) Kerry Bone. Brit. J. Phyt. 4(4) 190 1997 presents a useful account of this increasingly common disorder, previously known as mucous colitis. IBS is a chronic disorder and has a prevalence of 10% in the population over the age of 65. Exclusion diets are discussed and several studies are reviewed. Herb treatments involve the use of antispasmodics, nervines, hepatics, cholegogues and demulcent herbs.

Phytotherapy and prostate cancer. (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) Amanda McQuade Crawford discusses the causes, incidence, diagnosis and conventional treatment. Two case studies are provided of in depth treatments using herbs. Well worth reading. Aust. J Med. Herbalism. 10 (3) 82 1998.

Piper methysticum (Kava-Kava) (Volume I Issue 3 - Spring 1998) in contemporary medical research, Hansel, R Eur. J. Herbal Med 3 no 3, 17-23 Winter 97-98. A detailed statement of the phytochemistry. In higher doses, Kava pyrones have an anticonvulsant effect; in lower doses the effect of convulsions induced by poisons is enhanced. Standardised extracts presenting a daily dose of 60 - 120mg Kavapyrones are active in nervous conditios involving anxiety and stress, as a tranquilliser. Others used are briefly discussed. 49 references.
Comment: Papers like this have started the recent American vogue for high-alcohol extracts in dropper bottles now influencing the U.K. Most practitioners will stay with their traditional antispasmodic applications. High-alcohol products will prove to be more potent however, like the BPC1934 fluid extract.

Piper methysticum (Kava-kava). (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) Rowan Gorringe Aust J Med Herbalism 11(4) 145 1999. This undergrad copy is an excellent review of the identification, traditional uses and modern usage of this anxiolytic herb. The kavalactones are typically in highest concentrations in the lateral roots and decrease progressively towards the aerial tips of the plant, and constitute about 15% of the dried rootstock.. Kava-kava is known to have analgesic , anti-convulsant, muscle relaxant, sedative and hypnotic effects. It also has been shown to reduce cardiac rhythm and modulate respiration. However its main application is to anxiety related conditions.

“plant cholesterol”, importance of, in human health. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) Nutrit. Pract. 2003, 4 (2) 22-4. This article looks at sterols and sterolins - fats found in vegetables, particularly in seeds and nuts - that can be considered to be the plant kingdom’s cholesterol. Dietary intake has reduced considerably due to poor modern nutrition. They are used in cell membranes and enhance immune function. A lack of sterols is thought to increase immune over-reaction.

Polymyalgia rheumatica. (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) Angela Jones Positive Health, August 1999 p 19, Greenfiles 13(4) 38 1999 reports a successful treatment of polymyalgia rheumatica using homoeopathy.

Power napping, benefits of, proved. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Lancet 2003, 361 (9376) 2214. Researchers in the States have reported that an afternoon nap of an hour to an hour and a half increases perceptual skill learning as much as a full nights sleep. It is postulated that sleep somehow fixes memory traces. Therefore, naps effectively halve the amount of time between each memory boost.

Prayer - Get on yer knees and pray (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) BMJ 2001, 323, 1450-1. There have been many research studies done on the power of prayer (in the traditions of all the spiritual paths), and to the best of my knowledge (I happen to have read around this subject in some depth), they have all proven statistically not only that prayer works, but that it is one of the most powerful therapies we have. This next study takes things one step further. In a double blind, randomised controlled trial, 3,393 patients who were treated in an Israeli hospital for blood infections between 1990 and 1996 were divided into two groups. One group was prayed for, the other group was a control. After the data was analysed, the prayer group had significantly shorter hospital stays and fever duration. So what’s so good about that? Anyone who has studied and practised prayer knows it to be statistically and experientially validated. What’s so good is that the prayers were offered up in the year 2000 – four to ten years after the patients had been admitted to hospital. The prayers had worked retro-actively – they had gone back in time, thus proving that time is indeed expansive not linear and that, when we align ourselves with the greater good, we can indeed achieve anything. Got any unresolved cases from way-back-when? Then get their files out, get on your knees and pray…

Probiotics for pouchitis. (Volume VII Issue 3 - Summer/Autumn 2004) GUT 2004, 53 (1) 108-14. Pouchitis is a general term for inflammation within the gut associated with ulcerative colitis and other degenerative conditions. A recent study has found that a daily dose of probiotics can alleviate recurring pouchitis.

Probiotics, the role of, in acute pancreatitis…. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Br. J. Surg. 2002, 89; 1103-7. Forty five patients with acute pancreatitis were given a billion lactobacillus acidophilus bacteria either live or dead. Those using the live bacteria had 85% less need for surgery due to their condition and spent 36% less time in hospital compared to those on the dead bacteria….and inflammatory bowel disease.J. Royal Soc. Med. 2003, 96 (4) 167-71. The involvement of pathological intestinal bacteria has been known for some time. In one small study, 9 children with ulcerative colitis were given live lactobacillus plantarum and 10 children inactivated l. plantarum. Six of the "live" group achieved remission whilst none of the control group did.

Progesterogenic Herbs? (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999) Kerry Bone discusses the progesterogenic activity of certain herbs particularly Discorea villosa. Any progesterogenic herb must do one or more of the following: 1) Contain progesterone. 2) contain phytochemicals that mimic progesterone. 3) Contain phytochemicals that are precursors of progesterone. 4) Indirectly stimulate the production of progesterone.
Stimulation of endogenous progesterone by Vitex agnus castus plus a daily intake of Linuum usitatissimum in premenopausal women is supported. However the Author considers that Discorea benefits menopausal symptoms because of its subtle oestrogenic effects. Saliva analysis of women treated with Discorea either as cream or tablets showed no increase in progesterone levels. (Dolbaum,C, Townsend Letter, Oct.. 1996 p104). There is little support for its progesterogenic activity particularly in postmenopausal women. Modern Phytotherapist 3(2) 14 1997
In more recent studies of over 150 herbs some showed oestrogenic activity but not progesterogenic activity. Female volunteers after consumption of Discorea had low progesterone activity in their saliva, and the workers concluded that diosgenin is not converted into progesterone in the human body.
Zava, D.T.et.al, Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.& Med 217, 369. 1998 Bone,K, Modern Phytotherapist. 4(2) 1998

Quality - A Question of (Volume III Issue 1- Spring 1999) Amandeep Sidhu Int.J. Alt.& Comp. Med. 16(12) 22 1998. Quality assurance testing procedures are described in this report. The use of Thin Layer Chromatography to identify the major components and provide a rapid test of quality is described. It is clear that the alcohol content of the extract markedly changes the composition of the extract. Quality assurance of herbal products is an issue of current interest, and a universal system is needed to define the manufacture and analysis of tinctures and thus to ensure the quality, safety and efficacy of such tinctures.

Resistance comparison between herbs and drugs. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) J. of food protection, 2002, 65, 528-33. Familiar with the problem of bacteria developing resistance to antibiotics, researchers compared the degree of resistance observed in antibiotics (ampicillin and norfloxacin) and various herbs. The results were mixed, with Aloe vera, Hydrastis and Hypericum showing less effectiveness than the drugs, but Echinacea, Allium and zinc products showing greater effectiveness.

Respiratory Herbs - Lesser Known (Volume V Issue 3 - Autumn 2001) Mediherb Prof. Review 76, 2001. Greenfiles 15(3) 20 2001. This review gives some detailed information about two herbs. Adhatoda vasica (Malabar nut tree) is an evergreen bush found in India and Malaysia. A major alkaloid is vasicine and the leaves of this plant have been used in Ayurvedic medicine for 2000 years mainly for respiratory disorders. The actions are expectorant, bronchodilator, mucolytic, antispasmodic, anti–asthmatic, oxytocic. It is indicated in asthma, acute and chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis emphysema, and also for post-partum haemorrhage, dyspepsia and gum disease. Polygala tenuifolia (Chinese senega) has expectorant and sedative actions and is indicated for asthma, acute and chronic lower respiratory tract infections and catarrhal states and also for insomnia,palpitations, anxiety and restlessness.

Rice is good medicine for leukaemia. (Volume VI Issue 3 - Winter/Spring 2002-2003) Br. J. of Haematology, 2002 117 (3) 577-87. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is an extract from rice, and has been available for some time in the States as a supplement. Researchers at the bone marrow transplantation unit at the University of Milan have shown that IP6 is anti-neoplastic, with significant anti-proliferative activity in chronic human myeloid leukaemia cells. All five cell types that were tested were effected by IP6, with two of them having all reproductive activity stopped altogether.

Salix spp. - Treatment of low back pain exacerbations with willow bark (Volume V Issue 2 - Summer 2001) S.Chrubasik et.al. Amer. J. Medicine 109 (2) 9 2000. Greenfiles 14 (4) 36 2000. The effectiveness of willow bark extract with salicin at 120mg(low dose) or 240mg(high dose) was investigated in this paper on low back pain. A total of 191 patients completed the study and 39% of the group receiving the high dose and 15% of those receiving the low dose were pain free in the last week of treatment 6% of the placebo group were also free of pain in this last week. The response in the high dose group was evident only after one week of treatment, in this four week blinded trial.

Schisandra Chinensis (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) is reviewed by Kerry Bone & Michelle Morgan in Mediherb Professional Review (74) February 2000. The actions are described as hepatoprotective, adaptogenic, nervine, antitussive, and antioxident. It is indicated for liver disease including hepatitis, and to improve mental, physical and sensory performance. Greenfiles 14 (1) 2000

Sea lettuce, benefits of., (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Br. Naturopathic J. 2003, 20 (1) 13-15. This article looks at chlorella pyrenoidosa or sea lettuce, which grows on the seashore. It is used for heavy metal toxaemia, diabetes, hypoglycaemia, elevated cholesterol, constipation, anaemia, asthma and fatigue. Recent research has shown that it raises serum albumin levels. Albumin, which is considered a marker of health, is used by the body for detoxification and as an antioxidant. It is available as a food in dried form in some health food shops.

Selenium and prostate cancer (Volume III Issue 2 - Summer 1999) Two studies in the Lancet have shown that there is an inverse correlation between selenium levels and the development of advanced prostate cancer. The evidence suggests that substantial increases in the consumption of selenium to 80-90 mcg daily or more may have a marked impact on cancer rates. UK selenium intakes are in recent surveys shown to be as low as 30-40 mcg per day. McCarthy, M . Lancet, 352(9129) 713 1998. Giovannucci, E. Lancet 352 (9130) 755 1998

Serenoa repens and Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) is discussed in Nutri Notes 4 (1) 1999 by Lynn Toohey (Editor). Clinical trials using double blind studies have shown that the herbal extract is as effective as conventional drugs in treating an enlarged prostate. Other herbal approaches are discussed, including the use of pygeum africanum, ginkgo biloba, discorea villosa, urtica doica and arctostaphylus uva ursi as well as vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids. Diagnostic tests to assess male health including saliva hormone levels and hair analysis are also discussed.

SLE - Is EBV a Culprit in Lupus? (Volume V Issue 1 - Spring 2001) Lynn Toohey Nutri Notes 5(6) 2000. This article considers SLE, its causes and symptoms and natural treatments, using dietary and lifestyle, detox strategies and the gastrointestinal barrier. Various nutrients and supplements for inhibiting the viral connection with EBV. Lauricidin, a fatty acid ester of lauric acid is shown to have antiviral activity and may be effective in treating SLE. Withania somnifera has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory, anti-tumour, anti stress, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, homopoietic and rejuvinating properties. It also exerts a positive effect on the endocrine, cardiopulmonary, and CNS, but has low toxicity. L.C. Mishra et al Altern. Med. Rev. 5(4) 334 2000

SOY (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) - So you thought that SOY products were good for you-WRONG!. An in depth analysis of the potential dangers of Soy is given in PROOF! 4(4) 2 2000 by Sally Fallon & Mary Enig . The Third International Soy Symposium was held in Washington in November 1999 and revealed some alarming facts. Soyabeans contain enzyme inhibitors that can block protein digestion, causing enlargement
and pathology of the pancreas. They also contain haemagglutin that inhibits growth in the young. Another group of constituents are the goitrogens-these depress thyroid function and some thyroid disorders may be attributable to feeding soy-based infant formulas. High levels of Phytic acid in soy reduce the assimilation of calcium, magnesium, copper, iron and zinc. The phytoestrogens in soy may cause infertility and promote breast cancer in women. Vitamin B12 analogues in soy actually increase the body’s requirement for B12. Processing of soy protein forms toxic and carcinogenic nitrosamines, monosodium glutamate, (a neurotoxin) and toxic levels of aluminium are found in soy foods.

Standardised Herbal Extracts: (Volume III Issue 3 & 4 - Autumn/Winter 1999-2000) are they always necessary? Michael Tierra discusses this issue from the point of view that just because a herb is biochemically standardised, it is not automatically more potent or efficacious. He considers the issues of science versus tradition, the non existence of any universally accepted standards for standardised herbal extracts and the pharmaceutical takeover of the herbal and vitamin industry. Aust. J Med. Herbalism 11(1) 5 1999. An article addressing many of the contentious issues raised by the above is presented by Hans Wohlmuth in Aust. J Med. Herbalism 11(2) 50 1999.

Switzerland (Volume I Issue 1 - Spring/Summer 1997) Swiss Homoeopaths appear to be under threat from back door legislation which might limit the availability of homoeopathic medicines. Members' organisations were asked to write in support of the Swiss homoeopathic organisations who are having to come together to meet this threat to their practice.

Tabebuia spp. (Pau d’arco) (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) Vicky Ridley Brit. J. Phtyotherapy 5(3) 118 2001: This paper considers the traditional and contemporary use of this South American herb which has held much interest over recent years, particularly for its reputed anticancer activities. Traditionally, the herb has been used in Brazilian medicine for at least 1000 years. It is used nowadays as an astringent, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antibacterial and for its laxative properties. It has been indicated for the internal and external treatment of infection and infestation, fevers, colds and influenza, skin diseases, ulcerations, dysentery and inflammatory problems of the GI tract, respiratory disease, arthritis, syphilis and cancer. The major constituents are naphthoquinones, particularly Lapachol, and naphthofurandiones, anthroquinones, iridoids, coumarins and flavonoids. The current research on the activity of these compounds is discussed. The biggest issue of all to be resolved is how to develop sustainable harvesting of these precious trees in order that their growth as a medicine source can be accompanied by their flourishing as a species.

Tanacetum balsamita - Costmary revisited. (Volume VI Issue 4 - Summer 2003) Bonnie Yuill, Herbs, 2003 28 (1) 10-11. This herb, now known as Tanacetum balsamita, is profiled in the journal of the Herb society. Though it no longer appears in modern herbals, it was used in the past as an astringent for dysentery and for disorders of the head and stomach, with Gerard saying that "The conserve made with leaves of costmaria and sugar doth warm and dry the braine and openeth the stoppings of the same; stoppeth all catarrhes, rheumes and distillations, taken in the quantity of a beane".

Tea for the immune system. (Volume VII Issue 2 - Spring 2004) Lancet 2003, 361 (9367) 1445. A recent study suggests that tea might improve immune response by putting the immune system on stand-by. It contains alkylamine antigens, which are a group of chemicals found also in bacteria, tumour cells, parasites and fungi. Cells exposed to the antigens increased secretion of disease-fighting chemicals and immune cell production was increased.

Tendonosis, not tendonitis. (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) K M Khan, BMJ 2002, 7338 (324) 626-7. In an editorial, the myth of most tendonitis cases was exposed. Where due to overuse, there is no evidence of inflammatory changes – there are no inflammatory cells present. Instead, under light microscopy, it was found that the tendons were frayed length-wise and disrupted crosswise, with collagen fibres being separated. In other words, it is not a case of tendonitis, but a non-inflammatory chronic condition which cannot be reversed quickly by anti-inflammatories, but needs time and rest for the fibres to settle down and knit together – almost like a small version of a broken bone. It was pointed out that the current use of anti-inflammatories has little effect short term, and none long-term.

Trifolium pratense (Red Clover) (Volume IV Issue 2 - Summer/Autumn 2000) A supplement containing the isoflavones from Red Clover has been shown to reduce spinal bone loss in pre- and peri- menopausal women in a double blind, randomised and placebo controlled trial which evaluated 107 women for about one year. Decreases in spine bone mineral was significantly lower in this group of women compared with placebo, but the finding was not true for post- menopausel women. Atkinson C et al The 82nd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, June 23rd 2000, Toronto, Canada

UK Micronutrient Deficiencies (Volume III Issue 1- Spring 1999) Samantha Christie Lamberts Nutrition Bites (5) 6 1998 collates MAFF data on the Reference Nutrient Intakes ( RNI's) and demonstrates that the dietary micronutrient intake is falling in the UK and elsewhere in Europe. Approximately half the female population in the UK do not receive the baseline RNI of folic acid. Similar startling results are presented for Vits.A, B2, B6, B12, C, Ca, Mg, Fe, Se, Cu, K, I & Zn.

Uncaria tomentosa: A Review (Volume III Issue 1- Spring 1999) Andreas Syrimis. Brit. J. Phyt. 5(1) 29 1998, collates the historical information and modern studies on cats claw a perennial vine growing to over 100 feet clinging to the trees of the Peruvian rain forests. Studies conducted throughout the world since 1970 suggest that it may be beneficial in the treatment of a wide range of immune system related conditions .In traditional Peruvian medicine Uncaria is used in the treatment of cancer, gastritis, arthritis and in certain epidemics.

Uncaria tomentosa use in cancer. (Volume VI Issue 2 - Autumn 2002) Sheng, ‘Phytomedicine’, 2001, 8 (4) 275-82. A study has shown that an aqueous extract of uncaria helps to enhance DNA repair, mitogenic response and leukocyte recovery after chemotherapy-induced damage.

Understanding Amino Acids (Volume IV Issue 3 - Winter 2000) Billie S. Sahley Optimum Nutrition 13(3) 46 2000. Amino acid requirements in the body and brain are increased by disease, prolonged periods of stress and by inborn errors of metabolism. The author discusses the latest research on the use of amino acids in therapy for example carnitine in converting stored body fat in energy, energising the heart, controlling angina and hypoglaecaemia. GABA (gamma amino butyric acid) mimics the effect of valium in muscle spasms and anxiety or panic attacks. Tryptophan is used in serotonin synthesis and can alleviate depression, anxiety, insomnia and pain.

Urinalysis and the Practice of Herbal Medicine (Volume IV Issue 1 - Spring 2000) D. Capon JACM 15 (6) 22 1997 Analysis of the patient’s urine is one of the diagnostic tests available to the medical herbalist. David Capon provides a short review examining the nature of urine and discusses how observation of urine samples may give the herbalist important additional information relevant to the whole patient picture, as well as specific information regarding the urinary tract.

Urtica for hypertension and inflammation. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Am. Herb. Ass. A team from the university of Pisa has discovered that urtica radix lowers blood pressure by relaxing blood vessels. It achieves this by opening potassium channels, decreasing inotropic activity and releasing endothelial nitric oxide. Meanwhile the Freie Universitat in Berlin has found one of the most powerful anti-inflammatories in urtica, which works by retarding the activity of cytokines (substances which cause inflammation by attacking tissue).

Utilisation and the conservation of medicinal plants - Can it coexist? (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) Julia Behrens European J. Herbal Medicine 5(3) 18 2001: The increasing demand for herbal medicines puts pressure on the wild habitats which provide the majority of medicinal herbs. Conservation-minded herbalists are caught in the seemingly contradictory position of promoting the use of wild plants and advocating their simultaneous protection. This article discusses the importance of conservation, good harvesting practice and current pressures undermining sustainable collection. Legislation and the Herbal traders perspective is presented. The research into the attitudes of herbalists is also presented, together with the results . The questionnaire included questions about 10 herbs and their endangered status.

Verbena officianalis L. Vervain. (Volume V Issue 4 - Winter/Spring 2001-2002) Non Owen British J. Phytotherapy 5(3) 114 2001: The traditional uses of the constituents are discussed. The pharmacology is poorly understood, there being a distinct lack of human studies. Verbenin (aucubin) has galactogogue properties and a luteinising action has been reported. The herb is also reported to have parasympathetic properties causing slight contraction of the uterus. Verbena’s traditional use as an antilithic and diuretic action has recently been attributed to saponins. Verbena has a gentle and tonic action, is suitable for the most debilitated patient and it has been used to treat a wide variety of disorders which can be explained in terms of it’s bitter and stimulating effect on the liver and other organs, together with it’s relaxing effect on the nervous system.

Vitamin K to guard against bone loss. (Volume VII Issue 1 - Autumn/Winter 2003-2004) Am J. Clin. Nutr. 2003, 77; 512-6. Researchers have discovered that women who have the lowest level of vitamin K in their diet have the lowest bone density, making them susceptible to bone problems. There was no such relationship in men. Alfalfa is a rich source of vitamin k, a viscous substance needed to ensure adequate blood clotting.

Vitex agnus-castus (Volume I Issue 3 - Spring 1998) A review of traditional and modern therapeutic uses with current use from practitioner survey Christie S and Walker AF Eur. J Herbal Med 3 no 3, 29-45, Winter 97-98. A valuable review including pharmacological investigations and key outcomes from clinical trials over the last 45 years. A frank assessment of the benefits of these trials and some shortcomings. A breakdown of the answers to 13 questions given by 155 herbal practitioners, reveals strong support for use of Vitex in Pre Menstrual Syndrome and Menopausal conditions, among others. With comments on dosage, efficacy, side-effects, course length, perceived contra-indications and possible interactions.
Comment: An invaluable update, for detailed perusal.

Vitex and PMS (Volume V Issue 2 - Summer 2001) Lock E.G. et. al. J. Women’s Health & Gender Based Medicine. Nutrition Bites 10 2 2001. Vitex agnus castus extracts of the berry (100mg) daily were given to PMS sufferers (n = 1634) over a 3 month trial. 93% reported a decrease or cessation of symptoms, such as depression, anxiety, fluid retention. Breast pain scores showed a statistically significant reduction compared to baseline ( p<0.001).

Zingiber officinalis (Ginger) (Volume I Issue 2 - Autumn/Winter 1997-1998) Bone K Br. J. Phytotherapy 1997, 4(3), 110-120 A comprehensive review including chemistry, anti-emetic, digestive, anti-ulcer, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and thermogenic, cardiovascular, anti-infective, and antioxidant effects. Summarised therapeutic applications, cautions, and dosage. 94 references. Comment: An invaluable update, giving a thorough picture.

Last updated 11.9.07